Read Me
All treaty formatting has been standardized (e.g., bulleting, headings, capitalization) to ease readability and interpretation. Some grammatical errors (e.g., subject-verb disagreement) remain from their original texts to preserve integrity.
BIT Transparency
This index has yet to identify the following BITs:
- Egypt - Saudi Arabia BIT (2024)
- Burundi – Egypt BIT (2012)
- Egypt – Serbia BIT (1977)
BIT Text Retrieval
The PyPDF2, pdfminer.six, pdfplumber, and PyMuPDF Python packages were used to scrape texts from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
, if unavailable, English PDFs available elsewhere (locations included below). The extractions were cleaned, missing data inputted, and visually cross-referenced with originals.
Extracted and Cleaned
In Force
- Egypt – Mauritius BIT (2014)
- Egypt – Switzerland BIT (2010)
- Egypt – Iceland BIT (2008)
- Egypt – Ethiopia BIT (2006)
- Egypt – Germany BIT (2005)
- Egypt – Serbia BIT (2005)
- Note: The penultimate two pages of the UNCTAD PDF are upside down, cutting into Article 9. It has been adjusted in the database to ease future extraction efforts.
- Egypt – Finland BIT (2004)
- Egypt – Thailand BIT (2000)
- Australia – Egypt BIT (2001)
- Austria – Egypt BIT (2001)
- Denmark – Egypt BIT (1999)
- Egypt – Portugal BIT (1999)
- Egypt – Slovenia BIT (1998)
- Cyprus – Egypt BIT (1998)
- Bulgaria – Egypt BIT (1998)
- Note: Article 6, Line (c) is cut off in the UNCTAD PDF; sourced the missing text from WTI.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina – Egypt BIT (1998)
- Note: Article 12 is missing from the UNCTAD PDF.
- Croatia – Egypt BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Russian Federation BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Viet Nam BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (1997)
- Egypt – Slovakia BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Latvia BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Singapore BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Malaysia BIT (1997)
- Belarus – Egypt (1997)
- Note: Article 8 is missing Item (c).
- Canada – Egypt BIT (1996)
- Egypt – Turkey BIT (1996)
- Armenia – Egypt BIT (1996)
- Egypt – Jordan BIT (1996)
- Egypt – Republic of Korea (1996)
- Egypt – Sri Lanka BIT (1996)
- Egypt – Netherlands BIT (1996)
- Note: Rights for this text are reserved by the Tractatenblad: the Netherlands’ official journal of treaties.
- Egypt – Poland BIT (1995)
- Egypt – Hungary BIT (1995)
- Egypt – Turkmenistan BIT (1995)
- Egypt – Romania BIT (1994)
- China – Egypt BIT (1994)
- Egypt – Greece BIT (1993)
- Czech Republic – Egypt BIT (1993)
- Egypt – Spain BIT (1992)
- Note: UNCTAD PDF is only available in Spanish. The United Nations Treaty Collection separately hosts the English version.
- Argentina – Egypt BIT (1992)
- Egypt – United States of America BIT (1986)
- Egypt – Sweden BIT (1978)
- Egypt – Japan BIT (1977)
- Egypt – United Kingdom BIT (1975)
- Egypt – France BIT (1974)
Signed
- Botswana – Egypt BIT (2003)
- Note: UNCTAD does not host a PDF; found on the Juris Arbitration Law website.
- Egypt – Seychelles BIT (2002)
- Egypt – Eswatini BIT (2000)
- Note: The Preamble through Article 2, Section 1, and Article 10, Section 4 onwards are missing in the PDF and were sourced from the WTI website.
- Egypt – Nigeria BIT (2000)
- Egypt – Zambia BIT (2000)
- Egypt – Pakistan BIT (2000)
- Egypt – The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia BIT (1999)
- Egypt – Georgia BIT (1999)
- Chile – Egypt BIT (1999)
- Egypt – Zimbabwe BIT (1999)
- Note: Article 12, Section 2 is cut off in the UNCTAD PDF; sourced the missing text from WTI.
- Egypt – Jamaica BIT (1999)
- Egypt – South Africa BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Ghana BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Uganda BIT (1995)
Terminated
- Egypt – India BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Finland BIT (1980)
- BLEU – Egypt BIT (1977)
- Egypt – Netherlands BIT (1976)
- Egypt – Romania BIT (1976)
- Egypt – Germany BIT (1974)
Transcribed
In Force
- Egypt – Mongolia BIT (2004)
- Egypt – Malta BIT (1999)
- Egypt – Malawi BIT (1997)
- Albania – Egypt BIT (1993)
- Egypt – Kazakhstan BIT (1993)
- Egypt – Ukraine BIT (1992)
- Egypt – Uzbekistan BIT (1992)
Terminated
- Egypt – Indonesia BIT (1994)
English PDFs for Spain and Botswana, while unavailable from UNCTAD, were sourced from the United Nations Treaty Collection and the Juris Arbitration Law websites, respectively. A handful of treaties are exclusively found on the WTI website. Of those listed, only the Tanzania BIT was identified elsewhere on the Oxford University Press Law website
In Force:
Signed:
- Egypt – Mozambique BIT (1998)
- Note: WTI metadata links to a Portuguese PDF.
- Egypt – United Republic of Tanzania BIT (1997)
Terminated:
- Egypt – Yemen BIT (1988)
- Egypt – United Arab Emirates BIT (1988)
- Egypt – Kuwait BIT (1966)
- Note: WTI metadata links to an Arabic PDF.
Treaties provided by UNCTAD in languages other than English are included and sourced from WTI. Formatting, typographical, and grammatical corrections are the only modifications to the texts.
Only Arabic
In Force
- Egypt – Kuwait BIT (2001)
- Egypt – Qatar BIT (1999)
- Egypt – State of Palestine BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Oman (1998)
- Egypt – Syrian Arab Republic BIT (1997)
- Bahrain – Egypt BIT (1997)
- Egypt – United Arab Emirates BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Morocco BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Yemen BIT (1996)
- Egypt – Lebanon BIT (1996)
- Comoros – Egypt BIT (1994)
- Egypt – Libya BIT (1990)
- Egypt – Tunisia BIT (1989)
- Egypt – Somalia BIT (1982)
Signed
- Chad – Egypt BIT (1998)
- Djibouti – Egypt BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Niger BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Gabon BIT (1997)
- Egypt – Islamic Republic of Iran BIT (1977)
Terminated
- Egypt – Oman BIT (1985)
- Egypt – Sudan BIT (1977)
Only French
In Force
- Egypt – Mali BIT (1998)
- Algeria – Egypt BIT (1997)
Signed
- Cameroon – Egypt BIT (2000)
- Central African Republic – Egypt BIT (2000)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo – Egypt BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Guinea BIT (1998)
- Egypt – Senegal BIT (1998)
Terminated
- Egypt – Switzerland BIT (1973)
Only French and Arabic
In Force
Only Italian
In Force
Only Azerbaijani
Signed
- Azerbaijan – Egypt BIT (2002)
Only Text Found Is in English From WTI
Terminated
- Egypt – Morocco BIT (1976)
- Note: No PDF in any language was found online.
Recommendations
Researchers should review each text file closely. For example, the U.S. treaty text includes duplicated language in its protocol and annexes. Be attentive to avoid misinterpretation when analyzing provisions.
